TOP 25 Latest CGG UNPAN DocumentsArticle Limit gopher://rss-net.sf.net/ http://backend.userland.com/rss RSS.NET: http://www.rssdotnet.com/ This Bill was introduced in the parliament by Ministry of Rural Development; Government of India in July 2013. The increasing demand of land acquisition for housing, industrialization and several other purposes; diversion of agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes; the stagnating agricultural yields and the empirical evidence on the utility of small farms, all point towards the revisiting the issue seriously. More importantly, inequitable distribution of benefits from the new land use, insufficient quantity of compensation, and rehabilitation not being implemented properly is leading to enormous dissatisfaction among the affected people. In short, to address a number of critical issues related to land in the current juncture, the need for a National Land Policy today is more urgent than ever before. Such a policy would be based upon Tehsil, District, Region and State level master plans. This will clearly delineate areas unfit for agricultural use and therefore reserved for industrial and other non-agricultural purposes, obviating and minimizing the need for acquisition of land that gives rise to displacement,landlessness and unrest. This policy outlines a very clear strategy of creating a large pool of land so that every family's right to land is fully honoured. The policy proceeds to suggest a just and equitable method of allotting land on a priority basis to the marginalized, especially marginalized women. Policy provisions are also made in such a way that common property resources supplement the needs of the poor and deprived. http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/UNPAN90971.pdf Law/ Regulation/ Amendment CGG Tue, 12 Aug 2014 15:59:24 GMT This paper titled "Education Tours to Dams and reservoirs- Important precautions and Safety Measures " by P. Madanaiah, Consultant, Centre for Good Governance, briefed on plans and safety measures required while undertaking educational tours to dams and power houses by the educational institutions. There are certain project specific restrictions, especially near hydro power projects having much variable inflows which will be regulated by discharging into downstream of river, to meet the demands of power generation and to maintain safe storage levels. It is projected in the paper on the "do's and don't's" that shall be followed near the reservoirs and power houses. The paper in general gives the guidelines required while visiting the dams especially in the northern Indian region and what the engineering colleges and institute should plan and do. This paper is a result of the mishap that had taken place near Largi dam in Himachal Pradesh where about 24 engineering students were washed away in the downstream waters http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/UNPAN93314.pdf Manual/Tool/ Guidelines CGG Tue, 12 Aug 2014 15:59:23 GMT This report looks at some of the landscape relevant to open government data (OGD) in India, starting from the current environment in government, the state of civil society, the media, the policies that affect it from the Right to Information Act, standards-related policies, e-governance policies and the copyright policy. It also looks at a few case studies from government, civil society organisations (CSOs) and publicprivate partnerships, and profiles some civic hackers. It then examines some of the varied challenges to the uptake of OGD in India, from infrastructural problems of e-governance to issues such as privacy and power imbalances being worsened by transparency. Finally, it lays out authors' observations and some recommendations. It concludes by noting that OGD in India must be looked at differently from what it has so far been understood as in countries like the UK and the US, and providing some constructive thoughts on how one should think about OGD in India. http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/Open government data study -India.pdf Discussion Paper CGG Mon, 28 Jul 2014 13:03:47 GMT This is an article published in the journal NIFM Journal of Public Financial Management by Ramakrishna Nallathiga.Public finance system is organized in different ways in different countries depicting the peculiar institutional arrangements and structure to manage the finances at each level in an inter-government system of polity. These institutional peculiarities give rise to different kinds of responsibilities with reference to (a) revenue generation, (b) expenditure making, (c) debt raising and (d) grants/ aid/ resource transfer. The differential settings of local government finance in different countries gives a glimpse of the operational arrangement spectrum. This paper performs a concise case study of the local government finance (in multi-tiered system) in Select countries of the world that give some implications to India, which has traditionally confined to the finances of upper two tiers/ stages of government. http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/The System of Local Government Finance - NIFM Journal.pdf Journal/ Periodical/ Newsletter CGG Mon, 28 Jul 2014 13:03:47 GMT This paper titled "Education Tours to Dams and reservoirs- Important precautions and Safety Measures " by P. Madanaiah, Consultant, Centre for Good Governance, briefed on plans and safety measures required while undertaking educational tours to dams and power houses by the educational institutions. There are certain project specific restrictions, especially near hydro power projects having much variable inflows which will be regulated by discharging into downstream of river, to meet the demands of power generation and to maintain safe storage levels. It is projected in the paper on the "do's and don't's" that shall be followed near the reservoirs and power houses. The paper in general gives the guidelines required while visiting the dams especially in the northern Indian region and what the engineering colleges and institute should plan and do. This paper is a result of the mishap that had taken place near Largi dam in Himachal Pradesh where about 24 engineering students were washed away in the downstream waters http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/UNPAN93214.pdf Manual/Tool/ Guidelines CGG Mon, 28 Jul 2014 13:03:45 GMT This paper titled "Education Tours to Dams and reservoirs- Important precautions and Safety Measures " by P. Madanaiah, Consultant, Centre for Good Governance, briefed on plans and safety measures required while undertaking educational tours to dams and power houses by the educational institutions. There are certain project specific restrictions, especially near hydro power projects having much variable inflows which will be regulated by discharging into downstream of river, to meet the demands of power generation and to maintain safe storage levels. It is projected in the paper on the "do's and don't's" that shall be followed near the reservoirs and power houses. The paper in general gives the guidelines required while visiting the dams especially in the northern Indian region and what the engineering colleges and institute should plan and do. This paper is a result of the mishap that had taken place near Largi dam in Himachal Pradesh where about 24 engineering students were washed away in the downstream waters http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/UNPAN93213.pdf Manual/Tool/ Guidelines CGG Mon, 28 Jul 2014 13:03:45 GMT This paper titled "Education Tours to Dams and reservoirs- Important precautions and Safety Measures " by P. Madanaiah, Consultant, Centre for Good Governance, briefed on plans and safety measures required while undertaking educational tours to dams and power houses by the educational institutions. There are certain project specific restrictions, especially near hydro power projects having much variable inflows which will be regulated by discharging into downstream of river, to meet the demands of power generation and to maintain safe storage levels. It is projected in the paper on the "do's and don't's" that shall be followed near the reservoirs and power houses. The paper in general gives the guidelines required while visiting the dams especially in the northern Indian region and what the engineering colleges and institute should plan and do. This paper is a result of the mishap that had taken place near Largi dam in Himachal Pradesh where about 24 engineering students were washed away in the downstream waters http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/UNPAN93297.pdf Manual/Tool/ Guidelines CGG Mon, 28 Jul 2014 13:03:44 GMT This document titled e-SUGAM an e tool developed by the Govt of Karnataka for Sugam - an acronym- (Simple Uploading of Goods Arrivals and Movements). This Project e- Sugam was conceived to reduce the hardship of tax payers (dealers) on the one hand and to ensure better tax compliance by introducing self policing amongst the tax payers on the other. It was formerly known as e- Form VAT 50. Under the new concept - e Sugam- the law mandates the traders to inform the department about each transaction (bulk) before the movement of goods against the old practice of traders moving the goods first and then informing about the transactions later on -periodically. The dealer, now has to upload the details of each bulk transaction on the central server of the department. Upon uploading the system gives a unique acknowledgement number. This acknowledgement number then becomes the passport for the truck at the checkpost. Each dealer has to identify himself/herself through a system of username and password. http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/UNPAN92992.pdf Analytical Document e-sugam; CGG Thu, 05 Jun 2014 18:07:36 GMT This paper titled "Food Security and the Targeted Public Distribution System in India by Dr Ruth Kattumuri firstly presents the global food security scenario, which is followed by a brief summary of food programmes in some countries. They then analysed the hunger indicators and the public distribution system in India. They concluded with a discussion of some policy recommendations to enhance the public distribution system in order to improve food security and reduce hunger and malnutrition in India. http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/UNPAN92993.pdf Analytical Document Public Distribution System; CGG Thu, 05 Jun 2014 18:07:36 GMT The article titled "Land-based Instruments for Urban Infrastructure Development: The Experience of TDR in Mumbai"by Ramakrishna Nallathiga published in NICMAR Journal of Construction Management and Research XXIX(1): 51-65 [2014]. Mumbai, one of the few largest cities in India, faces the challenges of continuing as economic powerhouse as well as maintaining the quality of life of its citizens. Civic infrastructure and its provision are important to support economic development as well as to enhance quality of life. However, with much of the land already developed in the city and with an intense competition between various land uses, the costs associated with infrastructure development (both land acquisition and construction) are large. Although the MCGM prepared a development Master plan for the period of 1981-2005 introduced the concept of land reservations for various infrastructure services, the development of infrastructure did not progress much for the paucity of funds; moreover, the conventional method of land acquisition has met severe difficulties. An alternate way is to utilise land based instruments that offer incentives for land owners and/or developers to surrender/develop land for providing urban infrastructure. Transferable Development Rights (TDR) is one such instrument that can be used to achieve urban infrastructure development while utilizing the development potential as well as value of urban land. This paper shows how the MCGM has proposed to achieve the goal of developing civic amenities in Mumbai without burdening its exchequer. It also outlines some of the issues and the reforms required in the current TDR programme to make it more effective. http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/UNPAN92879.pdf Analytical Document CGG Fri, 09 May 2014 13:50:48 GMT The article titled "Land-based Instruments for Urban Infrastructure Development: The Experience of TDR in Mumbai"by Ramakrishna Nallathiga published in NICMAR Journal of Construction Management and Research XXIX(1): 51-65 [2014]. Mumbai, one of the few largest cities in India, faces the challenges of continuing as economic powerhouse as well as maintaining the quality of life of its citizens. Civic infrastructure and its provision are important to support economic development as well as to enhance quality of life. However, with much of the land already developed in the city and with an intense competition between various land uses, the costs associated with infrastructure development (both land acquisition and construction) are large. Although the MCGM prepared a development Master plan for the period of 1981-2005 introduced the concept of land reservations for various infrastructure services, the development of infrastructure did not progress much for the paucity of funds; moreover, the conventional method of land acquisition has met severe difficulties. An alternate way is to utilise land based instruments that offer incentives for land owners and/or developers to surrender/develop land for providing urban infrastructure. Transferable Development Rights (TDR) is one such instrument that can be used to achieve urban infrastructure development while utilizing the development potential as well as value of urban land. This paper shows how the MCGM has proposed to achieve the goal of developing civic amenities in Mumbai without burdening its exchequer. It also outlines some of the issues and the reforms required in the current TDR programme to make it more effective. http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/UNPAN92878.pdf Analytical Document CGG Fri, 09 May 2014 13:50:47 GMT This article titled" Core Urban Services, O&M Costs and their Recovery through User Charges: A Study of Select Urban Areas in Andhra Pradesh " by N.Ramakrishna. Urban local bodies (ULBs) are supposed to provide basic urban services identified under the respective legislation and also to ensure the sustainability of service provision. Financial sustainability of the service, through the levy of appropriate user charge, is very important and integral to service delivery. Yet, several ULBs do not follow this maxim and continue with ad hoc methods of service delivery and its finance. This paper makes an attempt to analyse the service delivery performance of select ULBs in Andhra Pradesh, in terms of their O&M cost structure and recovery; it then suggests a reform agenda of improving civic service delivery through restructuring of service provision and through recovery of costs using better levy of user charges http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/UNPAN92877.pdf Analytical Document CGG Fri, 09 May 2014 13:50:47 GMT This Act provides for land acquisition as well as rehabilitation and resettlement. It replaces the erstwhile Land Acquisition Act, 1894. The legislation lays out an elaborate process for land acquisition involving Social Impact Assessment survey, preliminary notification stating the intent for acquisition, a declaration of acquisition and compensation to be given by a certain time. The compensation rates as per the Act are such that the owners of the acquired land will get four times the market value in case of rural areas and twice in case of urban areas. http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/UNPAN92833.pdf Law/ Regulation/ Amendment Land Acquisition Act CGG Fri, 09 May 2014 13:50:46 GMT This working paper discusses about the policies intended to manage corruption. The paper begins by summarizing the macro-data on the overall costs of corruption, and then reviews research on the specific costs that corruption generates. Next it is explained how corrupt incentives arise in a variety of contexts and outlines the basic "corruption calculus" that underlies corrupt behavior. Understanding why people and businesses pay and accept bribes and engage in other forms of malfeasance is a necessary first step towards limiting the damage that corruption causes. Next, it discusses solutions that involve external monitoring and enforcement combined with the punishment of wrongdoers. Recognizing the limited impact of such strategies, the paper concentrates on bottom-up reforms under which the victims of corruption help to limit its incidence. Later it discusses internal controls ranging from reforms in the civil service system to the redesign of programs and service delivery to limit the opportunities for illicit gains. Next the paper moves to the top of the government hierarchy to discuss the control of high-level corruption that distorts infrastructure projects, defense spending, privatization of public assets, and concession contracts. Later it locates situations where the private market can substitute for the state to limit corrupt incentives. Finally a set of new initiatives at the international level and some reflections on the state of the art of quantitative research on corruption and its reform are detailed. http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/Corruption and Policy Reform.pdf Analytical Document Corruption;Policy CGG Wed, 05 Feb 2014 12:55:33 GMT This paper focuses upon the role of Globalization and the failure of International trading system on the problem of Land Grabs. The deregulation of trade and foreign investment laws, which were the consequence of Globalisation, relaxed the limits on foreign land ownership and opened markets to agricultural imports. The weaknesses of the international trading system became more noticeable during the 2007-08-food crisis, which eroded the confidence of food import dependent countries as a reliable source of food Climate change and economic integration through globalization are raising the vulnerability in world's agricultural system and land grabs are the response to such vulnerability.The paper focuses upon policy shifts in trade, managing food reserves, finance and Investment rules. http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/2013_02_14_LandGrabsFoodSystem_SM_0.pdf Analytical Document Agriculture Globalization deregulation of trade and foreign investment laws CGG Wed, 05 Feb 2014 12:55:33 GMT This working paper addresses the emerging field of the knowledge commons in relation to the challenges of international development. It reviews the history of academic knowledge since the Enlightenment, its evolution and current trends, with the purpose of exploring the future of the knowledge commons. Assuming that knowledge is the most important resource in the twenty-first century, the intention of this article is to map the conditions necessary to take advantage of this resource. What are the barriers to accessing and using the common pool of knowledge that is currently being generated? The supply and the demand sides of the knowledge sharing equation are reviewed to understand their particularities and trends. Particular attention is given to the demand side of this equation in order to identify the obstacles that prevent people from less developed countries from taking full advantage of this fast-growing resource. The author understands that when addressing development, social technologies can be as important or even more important than physical artifacts. Prescriptive knowledge, or (lambda) knowledge, in the understanding of this paper, is the collection of techniques and instructions for manipulating nature and social institutions for human purposes. http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/13-IKM-Working_Paper_15-Ferreira-March_2012.pdf Analytical Document Knowledge Management CGG Wed, 05 Feb 2014 12:55:33 GMT This report titled "A NEW GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP:ERADICATE POVERTY AND TRANSFORM ECONOMIES THROUGH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The Report of the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda published by United Nation's in 2013. It covers recommendations by the high level committee on the development agenda beyond 2015. This resultant report is both bold and practical. They have consulted extensively, in every region and across many sectors, including listening to the voices and priorities of people living in poverty themselves. They have outlined five transformational shifts, applicable to both developed and developing countries alike, including a new Global Partnership as the basis for a single, universal post-2015 agenda that will deliver this vision for the sake of humanity. The report provides an example of how new goals and measurable targets could be framed in the wake of these transformative shifts. This list is illustrative rather than prescriptive http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/eradicate poverty and transform economies.pdf Analytical Document sustainable development; poverty eradication; United Nations CGG Thu, 09 Jan 2014 10:33:51 GMT This conference paper titled "What is the evidence on evidence- informed policy Making? Lessons from the International Conference on Evidence -informed policy making" was published by INSAP in 2012. The purpose of the conference was to go beyond anecdote and assumptions and to focus on the actual evidence on evidence informed policy making (EIPM). During the three day conference, participants discussed research which has examined the communication of research to policy makers; the capacity of policy makers to use research; the incentives which drive policy makers to use research and much more. The resulting discussions were enlightening and stimulating. The conference revealed that even amongst those working in the field, there are divergent views on what evidence-informed policy is and how it relates to policy influencing agendas. It also became clear that in some areas there is a lack of robust research evidence. In particular, there is a shortage of evidence on policy makers' actual capacity to use research evidence and there is even less evidence on effective strategies to build policy makers' capacity.Furthermore, many presentations highlighted the insidious effect of corruption on use of evidence in policy making processes.Overall, the conference played an important role in stimulating discussions and highlighting gaps in our current understanding of evidence-informed policy making.It is hoped that the discussions started at the conference will continue to influence the practice in this field so that work to support evidence-informed policy making itself becomes more evidence-informed. http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/inasp evidence informed policy.pdf Non-Substantive Conference/ Workshop Related Material Policy Making; evidence informed policy making CGG Thu, 09 Jan 2014 10:33:51 GMT This is a working paper No 85 titled "Political Economy of Tribal Development:A Case Study of Andhra Pradesh written by M. Gopinath Reddy, K. Anil Kumar from Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad. This paper delineates the situation of the Scheduled Tribes in the background of various policies of the state during the successive plan periods and its impact on their socio-economic mobility. Politically, this community is the most voiceless in the state. Their unsecured livelihood position in terms of lack of legal entitlements of the resources they use, both land and non-timber forest produce, push them into deep economic vulnerability. The paper also discusses the implications of the new act - Forest Right Act, 2006, on the livelihood security of the tribal communities and whether this act will finally lead to the inclusion of these people into the mainstream. http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/political ecy cess.pdf Analytical Document Tribal Development; Andhra Pradesh ;Livelihood CGG Thu, 09 Jan 2014 10:33:51 GMT This paper is a case study titled "Participatory Planning to Strengthen Decentralisation done by OneWorld Foundation India .Not many states have given adequate attention to decentralized governance. Kerala under the Left Democrat government, put forth a prominent exception to this in 1996 with the launch of the People's Plan Campaign (PPC) that offered a prolocal people's direct participation.This methodology involving bodies to work out their own planning and project proposals for implementation, bringing about decentralisation of governance. This was done by a transparent formulation and selection of schemes at the gram Sabha,'blocks',units through which certain central government development schemes were implemented. Blocks of one to thirteen village(s) or urban units were assigned the task of coordinating the local plans with one another.The block units were also responsible for trying to fill in gaps in local plans. Local body plans now form a major part of the total state plans.The PPC was the single largest empowerment at the time of its launch. It directly impacted nearly 31 million people in the state of Karnataka. Several landmark mass programmes have come out of the PPC. These include the country's largest women-centric poverty alleviation programme, Kudumbasree, the EMS Housing Scheme and the Kerala Food Security Programme.Researched and documented by OneWorld Foundation India Participatory Planning To Strengthen national 73rd Amendment Act sought to in bringing about 'economic development and social justice' in 243-ZD endorsed the strategy of spatial planning. Further, the nt. pro-active methodology for decentralised planning with involved empowerment of elected local ram the bottom-most democratic body. Groups of villages made up with national schemes and ensuring that local plans did not clash largest experiment in local democracy. http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/participatory planning to strengthen decentralisation.pdf Analytical Document CGG Thu, 12 Dec 2013 13:49:57 GMT This is a working paper titled "A Primary Evaluation of Service Delivery under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM):Findings from a Study in Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan' by Kaveri Gill from Planning Commission of India . This paper seeks to evaluate quantity and quality of service delivery in rural public health facilities under NRHM. The micro-findings across four states, which have resulted in rankings in individual sections of the study, suggest disparate situations at various levels of centres and on different components, reflecting context-specific underlying driving factors, some complex by nature. Based on these findings, one could easily rank the states on 'overall performance of service delivery under NRHM', but to do so would be irresponsible, meaningless and defeat the very purpose of this evaluation, which was to highlight the micro-components of features that are important to this Mission's capacity to deliver services, how states are faring on implementing these various strands, and what factors might be causing problems where implementation is less than desirable. http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/primary evaluation of service delivery.pdf Analytical Document CGG Thu, 12 Dec 2013 13:49:57 GMT This is a working paper " Refining State Level Comparisons in India" by Pranjul Bhandari from Planning Commission of India. In this paper they have analysed the performance of Indian States across three critical sectors -health, education and infrastructure.To enable us to read through multiple indicators of the three sectors, they have constructed an index for each using the Principal Component Analysis technique.This technique assigns weights according to the relationship between the variables, thus involving relatively low levels of subjectivity on part of the researcher, while preserving most of the information in the original data set. The data given shows that 'raw' results conform with the already well-established findings of several other studies that states such as Kerala are amongst the best performing while the so-called BIMARU states (Bihar, MP, Rajasthan and UP) are laggards http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/refining state level comparisions in india.pdf Analytical Document CGG Thu, 12 Dec 2013 13:49:57 GMT This is a working paper titled "Decoding the 8% Growth Target"by Pranjul Bhandari "Planning Commission, Government of India In this paper, they disaggregate the 8% growth target into what could be achieved through a business-as-usual approach and what would need added effort. They also outlined a simple Cobb-Douglas production function model which decodes India's growth over the last two decades and helps us outline alternate paths to the 8% target. They also discussed a variety of 'extreme' paths of growth which depend heavily on one particular input at a time. They then go on to outline a more plausible and balanced path, and discuss the key challenges surrounding it. The paper concludes that 8% growth will neither come automatically nor easily, but what needs to be set right to achieve it over the next five years is clearly known. http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/decoding the 8.pdf Analytical Document CGG Thu, 12 Dec 2013 13:49:56 GMT Eighty three percent of India's farmers cultivate under two hectares of land. Many face insecurity of tenure and the growing threat of land alienation and pressures from urbanization, industrialization and powerful interests. Most of the cultivators are landless. Fragmented land holdings offer no advantages of economies of scale. These farmers lack access to formal credit and have little financial resources of their own. They are often ignored by extension agencies and seldom receive information on new technologies. These constraints are further compounded for tribal and women farmers. Falling water tables, soil erosion and climate change add to another constraint for these disadvantaged farmers. The Working Group tries to find answers, whether these constraints can be converted into opportunities and these disadvantaged farmers attain sustainable livelihoods and contribute to growth of India. Identification of disadvantage, based on often intersecting criteria like economic, social, ecological and regional factors was taken up as part of the study. The constraints faced by D&W farmers were found to be poor access to land, credit, farm inputs; neglect by extension services, high production risk and little insurance coverage and limited market access. A few promising schemes and approaches initiated by governments and civil society have been studied and recommendations for addressing the constraints of D&W farmers are provided. http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/documents/working_group-report-farmers.pdf Mission Report CGG Wed, 06 Nov 2013 11:59:04 GMT This is a paper from The World Bank of India and part of a series of Innovations in Development.( No 9 ). The World Bank has supported the government at each stage of the sector's development. The Uttarakhand Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project has built on the foundations laid under a World Bank pilot that pioneered the community-led model in the state (Swajal 1996-2002). Lessons have also been incorporated from six World Bank-funded rural water supply and sanitation projects in India (Kerala, Karnataka, and Maharasthra), Sri Lanka,Bangladesh, and Nepal. In 1999, India sought to decentralize the delivery of rural water supply and sanitation services. Communities would now choose the service they wanted and were willing to pay for, and plan, construct and maintain their own systems. By March 2013, over 5,000 habitations had built their own water supply systems, benefitting some half a million rural residents, with support from the World Bank's Uttarakhand Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project. Strong community involvement has reduced the cost of the schemes, curbed the leakage of funds, and led to huge savings for the state exchequer. Women, who have traditionally borne the brunt of fetching water, have been involved at all stages. Catchment areas have been protected to recharge springs and maintain water quality. http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/documents/BestPracticesInRuralDrinkingWater-Uttarakhand.pdf Analytical Document CGG Wed, 06 Nov 2013 11:59:04 GMT