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Political
and Administrative System
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Country
Info
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Ghana |
| Map |
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| Flag |
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| Basic
Social and Demographic Data |
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| Government
Type : |
Republic;
multiparty presidential regime (opposition
parties legalized 1990)
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| Legal
System: |
Based on French civil law system and customary
law; judicial review of legislative acts
in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme
Court; compulsory ICJ jurisdiction not accepted
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| Political
Independence: |
17
August 1960 (from France) |
| How
many levels of government are there currently
and what are they? |
L'organisation
administrative interne actuelle : source de
confusion
L'organisation
administrative interne du Gabon date de
1909 lorsque le pays fut divisé en
circonscriptions et subdivisions, vingt
au total. Depuis 1918, le découpage
territorial ressemble à celui qui
est actuellement en place. Le terme circonscription
fut abandonné en 1933, et en 1934
apparaissait, pour la première fois,
la dénomination ''Département''
dont l'appellation est demeurée hydronyme
jusqu'à nos jours. Ces départements
comportaient des subdivisions alors que
l'administration territoriale était
organisée à deux niveaux.
La réforme territoriale de 1950 maintenait
l'encadrement à deux niveaux, mais
remplaçait les termes ''département''
et ''subdivision'' par ceux de ''région''
et ''district''. Quelques années
plus tard, ces termes étaient modifiés
en ''préfecture'' et ''sous-préfecture''.Depuis
1975, en vertu de deux lois intervenues
à six mois d'intervalle, les dénominations
de province et de département sont
substitués à celles de préfecture
et de sous-préfecture. Ces textes
institutionnalisaient en fait deux niveaux
d'encadrement : la province et le département.
Ils prévoyaient également
le niveau district, mais celui-ci n'a pas
été mis en place partout.
Pas plus que la commune qui n'existe qu'en
milieu urbain. Le canton, par contre, a
été crée partout et
peut être considéré
comme un élément de base de
l'administration territoriale bien qu'il
ne présente pas les éléments
constitutifs d'une circonscription administrative.
Il s'agit donc, tout au plus, d'une ''structure
infra-administrative''.
La loi n° 14/96 du 15 avril 1996 portant
réorganisation territoriale en république
gabonaise, a voulu tenir compte du mouvement
de démocratisation des institutions
territoriales et des décisions politiques
en matière de décentralisation.
L'article premier de ce texte fait état
de six niveaux d'administration territoriale,
de la province jusqu'au village et de deux
niveaux d'administration décentralisée
: les départements et les communes.
Plusieurs
niveaux :
Central - Provincial - Local
Département (canton)
Préfecture (Regroupement village)
Sous-Préfectures (Villages)
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Administrative
Division
(as of 1999): |
9
provinces; Estuaire, Haut-Ogooue, Moyen-Ogooue,
Ngounie, Nyanga, Ogooue-Ivindo, Ogooue-Lolo,
Ogooue-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem |
| Number
of Administrative Regions: |
9
in 1998, 9 in 1993, 9 in 1988 |
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| Constitution: |
Adoption
(date): (161)
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26
March 1991
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Comment (161):
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Constitution
du 26/03/91 - Loi n° 03/91
Loi n° 01/94 portant révision
Loi n° 01/97 du 22/04/97 portant révision
***
The 1990 national conference agreed on a one-year
time limit for the promulgation of the constitution
and charter. Although the deadline expired
in 1992, many of the unfulfilled provisions
reappeared in the 1994 Accords de Paris. In
a further attempt to maintain calm, the government
held a national referendum on constitutional
reform in July 1995.
In October 1995 the Council of Ministers approved
a draft bill to establish a parliamentary
upper chamber, or Senate, to check the power
of the Assemblee nationale. The election to
the 91-seat Senate for six-year terms was
held in two rounds in January and February
1997, with more than 2,000 local government
councillors entitled to vote. Unsurprisingly,
given the PDG's control of most municipalities,
it won control of the Senate, with 53 seats,
followed by the RNB with 20.
The post of vice-president, abolished in 1975,
was re-introduced by Mr Bongo in 1997 when
he appointed Didjob Divungi-Di Dingue. He
also independently re-established the seven-year
presidential term (which had been shortened
to five years under the 1991 constitution)
and lifted the age limit for presidential
candidates to 70. |
| What
institutions, ministries, agencies, and other
bodies are defined by the constitution as
making up the following branches of central
or national government? (162) |
Legislative:
(163A)
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Assemblée
Nationale
SENAT
**
bicameral legislature consists of the Senate
(91 seats) and the National Assembly or Assemblee
Nationale (120 seats); members are elected
by direct popular vote to serve five-year
terms
elections: National Assemblylast held
in December 1996 (next to be held NA December
2001); Senatelast held 12 January 1997
(next to be held in January 2002)
election results: National Assembly percent
of vote by party NA; seats by party PDG 100,
Morena-Bucherons/RNB 8, PUP 3, CLR 3, FAR
1, UPG 1, USG 2, PGP 2; Senate percent of
vote by party NA; seats by party PDG 51, RNB
17, PGP 4, ADERE 3, RDP 1, others 15 |
Executive:
(163B)
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Président
de la République
Gouvernement
**
chief of state: President El Hadj Omar BONGO
(since 2 December 1967)
head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Francois
NTOUTOUME-EMANE (since 23 January 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by
the prime minister in consultation with the
president
elections: president elected by popular vote
for a seven-year term; election last held
6 December 1998 (next to be held NA 2005);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President El Hadj Omar BONGO
reelected; percent of vote El Hadj Omar BONGO
66%, Pierre MAMBOUNDOU 17%, Fr. Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE
13% |
Judicial:
(163C)
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Cour
Constitutionnelle
Cour Judiciaire
Cour Administrative
Cour des Comptes
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Supreme Court or Cour Supreme consisting of
three chambersJudicial, Administrative,
and Accounts; Constitutional Court; Courts
of Appeal; Court of State Security; County
Courts |
| What
legislation defines and governs the national
public service? When was it last modified?
(164) |
Statut
Général de la Fonction Publique
- Loi n° 18/93 du 13/09/93
Statut Général des fonctionnaires
- Loi n° 08/91 du 26/09/91 |
| What
regulations and/or guidelines govern the national
public service? When was it last modified?
(165) |
Statut
Général de la Fonction Publique
- Loi n° 18/93 du 13/09/93
Statut Général des fonctionnaires
- Loi n° 08/91 du 26/09/91
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What
collective agreements are binding on the national
public service? When were they last negotiated?
Which parties were involved? (166)
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Aucune
On notera toutefois qune convention
est en cours de négociation entre
lEtat et un ensemble de syndicats
du secteur de ladministration notamment
lUSAP (Union des Syndicats de lAdministration
Publique) et la FESEENA (Fédération
des Syndicats des Enseignants de lEducation
Nationale).
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1998
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1993
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1988
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Source |
| Number
of ministries and independent statutory agencies |
42
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36
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44
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UNDESA |
| Central government organigram (by UNDESA): |
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| Political
History |
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President
Omar Bongo, who has ruled Gabon since 1967,
was re-elected comfortably in the presidential
election in December 1998. His governing
party, the Parti democratique gabonais (PDG),
controls both chambers of parliament and
most local bodies, but power is concentrated
in the executive. Mr Bongo has continued
his rule through careful ethnic balancing
and extensive patronage networks.
Mr
Bongo defended Gabon's one-party system
by preaching that national unity was more
important than tribal and regional factionalism.
The PDG became increasingly dominant during
the 1970s when Gabon distinguished itself
among its African neighbours as a country
of rapid economic growth and political stability.
Mr Bongo was re- elected unopposed in 1973,
1980 and 1986, each time with more than
99% of the vote.
Opposition to one-party rule and presidential
corruption began to manifest itself in the
early 1980s with the formation of a moderate
opposition group, the Mouvement de redressement
national (Morena). Waves of strikes and
protests broke out intermittently in 1989-90
until a national conference was held in
March-April 1990 and a new multiparty constitution
and charter were drawn up. The first multiparty
election for 22 years was held in 1990 and
was narrowly won by the PDG.
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The
ruling PDG and the Haut conseil de la resistance
(HCR), an umbrella grouping of opposition
parties, moved towards reconciliation with
the signing of the Accords de Paris in October
1994. They resolved to install a transitional
coalition government, revise the electoral
code and establish an independent electoral
commission before holding municipal and
legislative elections. After several delays,
a chaotic legislative election was held
in late 1996, and the PDG retained an absolute
parliamentary majority. Mr Bongo was re-elected
on December 6th 1998 with 66.6% of the vote.
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| Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) has assumed a central place in debates about corruption. It is used by economists, academics, business people and journalists. The growing importance of the CPI has stimulated interest in the methods used to compile it each year. This document, complementing the publication of the 1999 CPI and the press materials published with it, provides an in-depth explanation of the methodology.
The goal of the CPI is to provide data on extensive perceptions of corruption within countries. This is a means of enhancing understanding of levels of corruption from one country to another. It does not attempt to assess the degree of corruption practiced by nationals outside their own countries. This is a separate phenomenon and a separate instrument, the Bribe Payers Propensity Index (BPI), is published this year for the first time.
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not submitted for survey
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