Political and Administrative System

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Ghana
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Basic Social and Demographic Data

Political System

Government Type :
Republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties legalized 1990)
Legal System:
Based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; compulsory ICJ jurisdiction not accepted
Political Independence: 17 August 1960 (from France)
How many levels of government are there currently and what are they? L'organisation administrative interne actuelle : source de confusion

L'organisation administrative interne du Gabon date de 1909 lorsque le pays fut divisé en circonscriptions et subdivisions, vingt au total. Depuis 1918, le découpage territorial ressemble à celui qui est actuellement en place. Le terme circonscription fut abandonné en 1933, et en 1934 apparaissait, pour la première fois, la dénomination ''Département'' dont l'appellation est demeurée hydronyme jusqu'à nos jours. Ces départements comportaient des subdivisions alors que l'administration territoriale était organisée à deux niveaux.
La réforme territoriale de 1950 maintenait l'encadrement à deux niveaux, mais remplaçait les termes ''département'' et ''subdivision'' par ceux de ''région'' et ''district''. Quelques années plus tard, ces termes étaient modifiés en ''préfecture'' et ''sous-préfecture''.Depuis 1975, en vertu de deux lois intervenues à six mois d'intervalle, les dénominations de province et de département sont substitués à celles de préfecture et de sous-préfecture. Ces textes institutionnalisaient en fait deux niveaux d'encadrement : la province et le département. Ils prévoyaient également le niveau district, mais celui-ci n'a pas été mis en place partout. Pas plus que la commune qui n'existe qu'en milieu urbain. Le canton, par contre, a été crée partout et peut être considéré comme un élément de base de l'administration territoriale bien qu'il ne présente pas les éléments constitutifs d'une circonscription administrative. Il s'agit donc, tout au plus, d'une ''structure infra-administrative''.
La loi n° 14/96 du 15 avril 1996 portant réorganisation territoriale en république gabonaise, a voulu tenir compte du mouvement de démocratisation des institutions territoriales et des décisions politiques en matière de décentralisation. L'article premier de ce texte fait état de six niveaux d'administration territoriale, de la province jusqu'au village et de deux niveaux d'administration décentralisée : les départements et les communes.

Plusieurs niveaux :
Central - Provincial - Local
Département (canton)
Préfecture (Regroupement village)
Sous-Préfectures (Villages)

Administrative Division
(as of 1999):
9 provinces; Estuaire, Haut-Ogooue, Moyen-Ogooue, Ngounie, Nyanga, Ogooue-Ivindo, Ogooue-Lolo, Ogooue-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem
Number of Administrative Regions: 9 in 1998, 9 in 1993, 9 in 1988

Legal Framework

Constitution:

Adoption (date): (161)

26 March 1991
Comment (161):
Constitution du 26/03/91 - Loi n° 03/91
Loi n° 01/94 portant révision
Loi n° 01/97 du 22/04/97 portant révision
***
The 1990 national conference agreed on a one-year time limit for the promulgation of the constitution and charter. Although the deadline expired in 1992, many of the unfulfilled provisions reappeared in the 1994 Accords de Paris. In a further attempt to maintain calm, the government held a national referendum on constitutional reform in July 1995.
In October 1995 the Council of Ministers approved a draft bill to establish a parliamentary upper chamber, or Senate, to check the power of the Assemblee nationale. The election to the 91-seat Senate for six-year terms was held in two rounds in January and February 1997, with more than 2,000 local government councillors entitled to vote. Unsurprisingly, given the PDG's control of most municipalities, it won control of the Senate, with 53 seats, followed by the RNB with 20.
The post of vice-president, abolished in 1975, was re-introduced by Mr Bongo in 1997 when he appointed Didjob Divungi-Di Dingue. He also independently re-established the seven-year presidential term (which had been shortened to five years under the 1991 constitution) and lifted the age limit for presidential candidates to 70.
What institutions, ministries, agencies, and other bodies are defined by the constitution as making up the following branches of central or national government? (162)

Legislative: (163A)

Assemblée Nationale
SENAT
**
bicameral legislature consists of the Senate (91 seats) and the National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (120 seats); members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms
elections: National Assembly—last held in December 1996 (next to be held NA December 2001); Senate—last held 12 January 1997 (next to be held in January 2002)
election results: National Assembly percent of vote by party NA; seats by party PDG 100, Morena-Bucherons/RNB 8, PUP 3, CLR 3, FAR 1, UPG 1, USG 2, PGP 2; Senate percent of vote by party NA; seats by party PDG 51, RNB 17, PGP 4, ADERE 3, RDP 1, others 15

Executive: (163B)

Président de la République
Gouvernement
**
chief of state: President El Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2 December 1967)
head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Francois NTOUTOUME-EMANE (since 23 January 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 6 December 1998 (next to be held NA 2005); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President El Hadj Omar BONGO reelected; percent of vote El Hadj Omar BONGO 66%, Pierre MAMBOUNDOU 17%, Fr. Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE 13%

Judicial: (163C)

Cour Constitutionnelle
Cour Judiciaire
Cour Administrative
Cour des Comptes
**
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme consisting of three chambers—Judicial, Administrative, and Accounts; Constitutional Court; Courts of Appeal; Court of State Security; County Courts
What legislation defines and governs the national public service? When was it last modified? (164) Statut Général de la Fonction Publique - Loi n° 18/93 du 13/09/93
Statut Général des fonctionnaires - Loi n° 08/91 du 26/09/91
What regulations and/or guidelines govern the national public service? When was it last modified? (165)

Statut Général de la Fonction Publique - Loi n° 18/93 du 13/09/93
Statut Général des fonctionnaires - Loi n° 08/91 du 26/09/91

What collective agreements are binding on the national public service? When were they last negotiated? Which parties were involved? (166)

Aucune
On notera toutefois q’une convention est en cours de négociation entre l’Etat et un ensemble de syndicats du secteur de l’administration notamment l’USAP (Union des Syndicats de l’Administration Publique) et la FESEENA (Fédération des Syndicats des Enseignants de l’Education Nationale).

Government Organizations

1998
1993
1988
Source
Number of ministries and independent statutory agencies
42
36
44
UNDESA
Central government organigram (by UNDESA):

Political History

President Omar Bongo, who has ruled Gabon since 1967, was re-elected comfortably in the presidential election in December 1998. His governing party, the Parti democratique gabonais (PDG), controls both chambers of parliament and most local bodies, but power is concentrated in the executive. Mr Bongo has continued his rule through careful ethnic balancing and extensive patronage networks.

Mr Bongo defended Gabon's one-party system by preaching that national unity was more important than tribal and regional factionalism. The PDG became increasingly dominant during the 1970s when Gabon distinguished itself among its African neighbours as a country of rapid economic growth and political stability. Mr Bongo was re- elected unopposed in 1973, 1980 and 1986, each time with more than 99% of the vote.
Opposition to one-party rule and presidential corruption began to manifest itself in the early 1980s with the formation of a moderate opposition group, the Mouvement de redressement national (Morena). Waves of strikes and protests broke out intermittently in 1989-90 until a national conference was held in March-April 1990 and a new multiparty constitution and charter were drawn up. The first multiparty election for 22 years was held in 1990 and was narrowly won by the PDG.

The ruling PDG and the Haut conseil de la resistance (HCR), an umbrella grouping of opposition parties, moved towards reconciliation with the signing of the Accords de Paris in October 1994. They resolved to install a transitional coalition government, revise the electoral code and establish an independent electoral commission before holding municipal and legislative elections. After several delays, a chaotic legislative election was held in late 1996, and the PDG retained an absolute parliamentary majority. Mr Bongo was re-elected on December 6th 1998 with 66.6% of the vote.

Corruption Perception

Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) has assumed a central place in debates about corruption. It is used by economists, academics, business people and journalists. The growing importance of the CPI has stimulated interest in the methods used to compile it each year. This document, complementing the publication of the 1999 CPI and the press materials published with it, provides an in-depth explanation of the methodology.

The goal of the CPI is to provide data on extensive perceptions of corruption within countries. This is a means of enhancing understanding of levels of corruption from one country to another. It does not attempt to assess the degree of corruption practiced by nationals outside their own countries. This is a separate phenomenon and a separate instrument, the Bribe Payers Propensity Index (BPI), is published this year for the first time.

not submitted for survey